Thursday, November 28, 2019

Music Publisher free essay sample

I am interested to find out exactly what it is that a music publisher does, especially on a day to day basis. The music publisher stands at the crossroads of Art and Commerce, where enthusiasm for the art and business sense meet or miss each other. My main aim throughout this essay is too discuss this much debate question. I would like to include an interview from a music publisher and hear their view on this matter, and through my research conclude the matter with my own opinion. Music Publishing Music publishing is where the copyright creator (Songwriter) allows the business person (Music Publisher) to take on the responsibility of maximizing the earning potential of the creator’s endeavors. –Johnny Lappin. The main purpose of a music publisher is to exploit, administer and collect royalties for its copyright properties. They acquire the rights to songs from lyricists, songwriters and composers; this is done through an agreement called a publishing contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Publisher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The publisher will licence the composition, this helps monitor when and where the music is used, the publisher will then collect any royalties due for this usage. The publisher sells the rights to record companies (to make records), to sheet music publishers (to make sheet music books or digital sheet music to sell over the internet) and to the makers of film and adverts (synch). * There are five rights to which the music publisher has control of: * Mechanical Rights Permission is needed to mechanically reproduce a licensed work. The money that is paid and collected for this licensing is called a Mechanical Royalty. * Synchronization Rights This is the rights to the use of music used in synchronization to a visual, such as, in commercial advertising. The publisher would need to negotiate and issue a synchronization license so that the copyright can be used. * Print Rights Usually publishers will issue sheet music of all copyrighted works, especially that of a major songwriter they represent. * Digital Print Rights It is now possible for publishers to make digital copies of all a songwriter’s sheet music and artists’ recordings. This can then be sold online through MIDI files, PDF files etc. * Public Performance Rights Public Performance Rights such as, IMRO, collect royalties on the behalf of the publisher. They collect from Radio, Television, Retail stores and nightclubs etc. which use music in an effort to enhance their music. The Role of the Publisher Before the days of the singer/songwriter, music publishing was the music business. Publishers would acquire the copyrights to writers work and would then try to get the work exploited. Due to the fact that a lot of artists started writing their own music, the relationship between the publisher and the rest of the Industry began to change. Record Companies began to realise that if they singed an artist that write their own stuff they would not have any problems finding songs for the artist, and so they began looking for artists that could offer them this single package. An artist/composer can hire a publisher or they can publish their music themselves. It costs around â‚ ¬150 to register your own publishing company but not all artists have the time or skill to run this and can often end up going broke. The publisher handles the administrative aspects of the business, contracts need to be drawn up, collecting societies such as IMRO in Ireland need to be dealt with, offices have to be run etc. They make sure that all the legal and financial areas of your song writing are under control. The publisher works to place songs in its catalogue with other recording artists to gain royalties for themselves and the writer. Publishers always work hard to promote the back catalogue of songs. In recent years there has been a trend to use old classics in T. V programmes and adverts; this has made a lot of money for publishers. However, publishing work is not just about promoting a back catalogue of songs; they also need to keep in the present day. There are new artists and writers emerging all the time and it is vitally important for the publisher to keep in contact with Aamp;R departments and with the live music scene. Publishers often need to provide new songwriters and composers with the facilities they need to produce music and offering them advice in writing for particular markets. Typical Working day of a Publisher Open the mail, which will include letters and bills from Lawyers, record companies, managers, artists etc. The post will of course also include demo tapes. The publisher should listen to these tapes straight away or as soon as possible. They should then return the ones they do not like and keep the ones they do for further listening and investigation. * They then continue on with regular business, such as, drawing up ne w publishing deals, or renewing old ones. They may also have to deal with staff issues. Large companies may employ between 50- 100 staff and smaller companies will only employ a handful. The publisher may have some business lunch appointments with clients, their client’s managers, potential clients etc. This lunch will be used to try and develop a relationship with these people. * When the lunch is finished the publisher may have to return phone calls, have more tapes to listen to. She/he may also have some songs to try and pitch, to be heard by singers, managers, record companies and basically anyone who is in the music business. * During the evening, while most people go home after their days work, the publisher will go out and try to find new acts to sign. Legal Issues – The Contract For many songwriters and composers the truth is that when getting their first contract they become so overwhelmed and excited, that they forget to read the small print and sign without thoroughly examining the contract. You should always read and make sure you understand a contract before signing it, or get the contract checked by a professional body, such as, a solicitor preferably one qualified in music law. * There are three important points that must be negotiated between both parties before signing. These are: * The Term of the Agreement. * The Royalty Split between writer and publisher. The Territories covered by the contract. The Term The term covers the length of the agreement between the songwriter/composer and the publisher. The duration of the agreement can be based on years or on albums/songs. The agreement may be for one, three, or five years or it might cover specific songs for the ‘Life of Copyright’; this is the life of the author plus seventy years. One very important point to take notice of is that although some contracts might contract the writer for a period of time e. g. Three years, the works may be signed for life of copyright. The Royalty Split between writer and publisher There is no standard royalty split between writer and publisher, although according to a practice dating back to 1914, a publisher cannot take more than 50%. The deal is always in favour of the writer. Modern contract would usually have a split of between 60/40 and 85/15, depending on a number of factors e. g. how good the song is. The Territories covered by the contract The Territory refers to the countries governed by the contract. This can depend on the nature of, and where exploitation can take place. Publishing deals can cover the world or can be broken down on a country by country basis.

Monday, November 25, 2019

J. J. Thompson essays

J. J. Thompson essays J. J. Thomson was born in cheetham, Manchester. On December 18, 1856. Thomson is known as the man who discovered and identified electrons. He studied at Owen's college, Manchester in 1870. In 1876 he studied in at Trinity College, Cambridge as a minor scholar. In 1884-1918 at the age of 27 he became Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics and head of the Cavendish Laboratory. He was Honorary Professor of Physics, Cambridge and Royal Institution, London. Thomson's early interest in atomic structure was reflected in his treatise on the motion of Vortex Rings that won him the Adams prize in1884. In 1896, Thomson visited America to give a course of four lectures, which summarized his current researches at Princeton. The lectures were published as discharge of electricity through gases (1897). On his return from America, he achieved the best work of his life. An original study of cathode rays culminating in the discovery of the electron, this was announced to the royal. Institution on Fri. April 30,1897. Returned to America in 1904 to discuss six lectures on electricity and matter at Yale University. The discussion contained important suggestions as to the structure of the atom. He discovered a method for separating different kinds of atoms and molecules by the positive rays, and idea developed by Aston, Dempster and others towards the discovery of many isotopes. Thomson subsequently turned his attention to positively charged ions. His research showed that neon gas was made up of a combination of two different types of ion, each with different charge, mass, or both. He di d this by using magnetic and electric fields to deflect the stream of positive ions of neon gas onto two different types of a photographic plate. The demonstration clearly pointed to the possibility that ordinary elements might exist as isotopes (varieties of atoms of the same element, which have the same atomic number but dif ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Synopsis of Don Giavonni Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Synopsis of Don Giavonni - Essay Example Because she is terrified, Anna screams to alert his father who immediately responds, but is unfortunately killed by the masked Giovanni. The murder of her lovely father compels Anna to entice his fiancà © Ottavio to look for the murderer and avenge on him. Anna, alongside her fiancà © launches a revenge mission on the unknown killer (Ponte 62). While looking for the killer outside Giovanni’s palace, Anna disguises herself and sings a love song as she pretends to be lamenting over her fiancà © who has abandoned her. Unknown to him that he is been looked for, Giovanni ignorantly starts seducing Anna. On seeing this, Leporello cautions Anna that Giovanni should not flirt with him because he is a very promiscuous man who has conquered 1,003 women in Spain, 640 ladies in Italy, 91 women in Turkey and 100 women in France. So, he is not worth her time. As the story unfolds, Giovanni continues with his seduction activities when he decides to flirt and snatches Masetto’s newly wed wife Zerlina and threaten to kill him should he attempt to take her back. This was a very unfair activity that not only inflicted pain on the poor Masetto, but enabled Anna to realize that it was actually Giovanni who had killed her father. In Act Two, the audience is introduced to Giovanni who continues with his seduction and attempts to cajole Elvira’s maid. When attacked by Maseto and his friends, he manages to out do them, takes away their weapons and beats them up. However, as fate would have it, his victory would not last forever. While disguising himself as Leporello, at the graveyard, so as to seduce one of his girlfriends, a statue appears and threatens him (Rushton 27). Although he is quite sure that he would not see the next day, Giovanni defies the order of repenting his sins when attacked by the supernatural statue that eventually manages to kill him in the company of a chorus of

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

International Terrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Terrorism - Assignment Example terrorist groups are bad governance, corrupt politicians, religious sensitivity, lack of security to the common people, generation of funds through illegal activities and planting terror in the hearts of the innocent. The results are disastrous and deadly for all. Article 10 describes the state of Somalia as a state of terror where people are scared even to talk over the phone for long. The Al Shabab, the Islamist militia, has taken full control over Somalia. Innocent people living there are forced to join their groups, harsh punishments are given to those who commit any mistake and their interpretation of Islam is forced upon the residents of Somalia. This is a result of ill governance. Lack of any kind of authority control motivates such terrorist groups to work actively without any fear (Petrou, 2009) Apart from the risky task of migrating to nearby places of Somalia, acquitted people of Somalia are helpless. They are ruled by fear. It becomes difficult for United states to send help to these places because, first of all, it is very expensive, secondly there is not just one group like this; in fact, groups  like them,  can be easily found anywhere in the world where there are poorly functioning governments, and to our disadvantage; the  above  kinds  of  groups  help each other in times of trouble. It is absolutely useless to talk and negotiate with such groups as they refuse to accept the other party’s terms and conditions and blackmail them to fulfill their demands at any cost. However, things can be brought under control by making sure that governments of  all the countries around the world are strong, honest and maintaining law and order in the country ( Petrou, 2009). Sometimes it is due to the corrupt politicians who plan a strategy to create such conditions throughout the country that lead to political violence throughout the country as it happened in Greece and Colombia. In Article 11, we read that in Greece, the terror was spread by a guerrilla

Monday, November 18, 2019

Fetal Homicide in Florida Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fetal Homicide in Florida - Research Paper Example In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper the law defines the death of a viable fetus as the death of unborn child and any fetus killed by a violent act against the pregnant woman is termed as manslaughter. Each person has the right to life and so is the fetus or the unborn child. The fetal homicide laws recognize all stages of the fetus as being victims of abortion and any abortion is termed as fetal homicide. The fetus is recognized as a developing human being from conception to birth. The killing of any unborn child has also been categorized as manslaughter in the fetal homicide laws just the same as the killing of the mother. Three standards are used in determining whether a fetus is a person. Born-alive standard is when the fetus is born alive, the viability standard is used when a fetus is capable of having a meaningful life outside the womb and the conceptions standard is that life begins at conception and that any conceived fetus qualifies to be a person. Under com mon law, a child is only considered as a person once it is delivered alive. However, life begins at conception and should any fetus should be considered a person. Death is the failure of the fetus to be born alive. The conception standard should be used in the modern statutes as this will prevent any abortion or homicide on unborn of the unborn child. Any unborn child should be left to grow in the mothers womb until it matures not unless there any medical conditions.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Geotechnical Engineering On Soil Engineering Essay

The Geotechnical Engineering On Soil Engineering Essay Many soils can prove problematic in geotechnical engineering since they can expand, collapse, undergo excessive settlement, have a distinct lack of strength or be corrosive. Thus different soils have different weaknesses and cause different problems this problems can range from a small crack in the wall to a sinkhole that destroys a town. During the viability analysis and planning stages of projects that involves infrastructure, it is important to identify problematic soils since this could save costs and/or redesign of the project later on. If it is noted before the project is started the project can be relocated or the soil adjusted to meet the projects demands. A portion of the Gautrain rail, approximately 16 km, from Pretoria to Centurion traverse on dolomitic grounds. Of this 16 km about 5.8 km of the rail were constructed on viaduct with the remaining portion directly on ground level. It is known that the construction on the problem soil dolomite is difficult. When a development is undertaken on dolomite it requires special investigations that are conducted by specialist in the investigation of dolomitic terrain. Developed areas such as Gauteng have high levels of urbanisation. The construction on dolomite in these areas poses a potential risk to the safety of many people and the structures in which they work and live. In this report the geology of dolomite, were it can be found, why the soil is considered problematic as well as the solutions and improvements that can be done to be able to build on dolomite will be discussed. 2. Location and distribution Detailed soil maps would be a first choice of information source in a civil construction project when information on the soil type is needed. But with the exception of certain metropolitan areas of the Western Cape and the Gauteng Provence, detailed soil maps are not often available (P Page-Green, 2008). A combination of aspects such as topography, climate and the soil pattern are the basic fundamentals of South African soil maps. There are two major dolomite occurrences in South Africa namely, in the Transvaal Sequence the Chuniespoort Group and in Griqualand west Sequence the Campbell Group (Wagener F von M, 1985). Soils that develop on dolomite have unique problems. These soils are best identified from standard geological maps. When constructing on dolomite it is crucial that the extent of the problem is identified well in advance thus the use of soil maps during construction is normally redundant. It is not always easy to detect dolomitic soils since it is not normally directly exposed to the surface. Roughly speaking about 25% of the Gauteng province, and parts of Mpumalanga, Limpopo and the Northern Province are underlain by dolomite. These areas can be seen on the geological maps below were the blue parts are the dolomite.http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSGUgF0OReutcRPt8uC2klISB-nMc-Adm_G0YlBqowa1WYU14FPZQhttp://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSGUgF0OReutcRPt8uC2klISB-nMc-Adm_G0YlBqowa1WYU14FP ZQ Figure : Distribution of dolomite in Gauteng Figure : Distribution of dolomite in South Africa (Council for Geocience, 2008) On the map bellow it can be seen that the area between centurion and Pretoria were the rail of the Gautrain was constructed is underlain by dolomite. The band of dolomite surrounds the granitic dome of Johannesburg Figure : Geological map of the area surrounding the Gautrain site (Gautrain,2009) 3. Geology of Dolomite Ancient carbonate rocks contains predominantly two minerals namely calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2).  A carbonate rock is known as limestone if it is dominated by calcite (more than 95% with less than 5% dolomite), when it is dominated by dolomite (the mineral) it is called dolomite (the rock) (Warren, 2000). When dolomite is in a rock formation it contains more than 90% dolomite with the remaining portion being calcite, detrital minerals and chert. Very few sedimentary dolomites are strictly stoichiometric, i.e. CaMg(CO3)2, and can be better represented as: Ca(1+x)Mg(1-x)(CO3)2, by encompassing the range from calcian to magnesian dolomites (Warren, 2000). Dolomite is one of the 8 major problem soils (Expansive, Dispersive, Collapsible, Saline, Acid sulphate containing material, Compressive, dolomitic, and soils prone to liquefaction) found in South Africa (P Page-Green, 2008). Dolomite which is a rock containing calcium-magnesium carbonates have a distinctive elephant skin texture when weathered by even slightly acidic water. Figure : Elephant skin weathering of dolomite (Council for Geocience, 2008) This weathering occurs when water takes up carbon dioxide from either the atmosphere or the soil to for a weak carbonic acid. It takes up the most carbon dioxide from the soil since it contains 90% more than the atmosfhere. Dolomite has a higher solubility that other rocks with the significant solution observed in months or years since the dissolution processes is slowly in slightly acidic water. Elephant skin weathering of Dolomite This process may be represented with the following chemistry equation: CaMg(CO3)2 + 2 H2CO3  Ã‚   à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚   Ca(HCO3)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 The dissolution process thus leads to the formation of underground caves and or cavities. After this weathering process has taken place the formation of Wad, a complex residual soil mantle occurs which then overlays the dolomite bedrock. The known characteristics for this weak Wad material are low density, highly erodible and highly compressible. These characteristics of the soil make it unsuitable for foundation building on top of it. Within this Wad layer very hard chert can be found ranging from 7mm to 1m in depth. This chert (silica) forms bands that are discontinuous and since it is found in the soft Wad it is unsuitable to support a foundation. Within the soil strata flouters or otherwise known as boulders of solid rock are present. These flouters are formed due to pinnacles that have either fallen or have been undermined. The floaters are surrounded by soil making construction on it hazardous since the size of the floater and the strength of the soil undelaying it is not known. The bedrock of dolomitic strata consists of a series of rock pinnacles. These pinnacles are normally between 10 20 m in length. In boreholes drilled just 10 m apart the bedrock depth can differ by 30m or more. The depth of the solid bedrock from ground level can vary from a few meters to depths that are greater than 100 meters. In the case of the Gautrain the solid bedrock was found 30 meters below the ground surface at some of the sites. It is not easy to determine where the bedrock is. Thus specialised drillings (inspection holes) need to be made to determine the location of the solid bedrock. These holes are drilled to ensure that a foundation is not build on a floater or on the hard chert layer. 4. Why the soil is problematic Two of the mayor problems associated with dolomite are the formation of sinkholes and dolines. 4.1 Sinkholes As the dolomite dissolute cavities form which leads to the formation of cracks in the form of an arch. These cracks get wider and longer as the soil is eroded and the cavities get bigger. When the underlying soil is triggered in the middle by a disturbing agent or the cavities get big enough a sinkhole is formed. With small sinkholes the cross-section resembles a bottleneck as soil falls through a cavity. Sinkholes can occurs suddenly or over time and forms a hole ranging in sizes. The sinkhole can be classified in terms of its size as proposed by Buttrick and Van Schalkwyk, as shown in the table below. Maximum diameter of surface manifestation (m) Terminology Small sinkhole 2 5 Medium-size sinkhole 5 15 Large sinkhole > 15 Very large sinkhole Table 1. Suggested classification of sinkholes in terms of size (Buttrick Van Schalkwyk, 1995) Figure : the formation of a sinkhole The formation of sinkholes can directly be linked to the changes in the water table. Almost all sinkhole formations are due to human activities. These activities include the dewatering due to mines, leaking utility services and abstraction of ground water. Sinkholes can be disastrous and can lead to loss of property or live as noted in the past. 4.2 Dolines Dolines can be described as an enclosed depression. Dolines form as a result of the compression of the dolomite residuum at certain depths. There are two main types of dolines namely dewatering type and saturation type. There is another type of doline that is referred to as a partially developed sinkhole which is caused by the erosion of the subsurface materials (Council for Geocience, 2008). Dewatering-type Doline A dewatering-type doline occurs gradually till it forms a large enclosed depression at the end of the process. The mechanism behind the formation of this type of doline can be summarised as follow: Within the dolomite rock profile there is a zone that is deeply weathered which is filled with potentially highly compressible material. A part of this material is usually submerged below the existing groundwater level. When the groundwater level falls rapidly the previously submerged and unconsolidated soil is exposed which results in a decrease of the pore water pressure. The thick layer of wad that is exposed by the lowered water table may cause excessive compression and rapid surface settlement. A dip otherwise known as a depression of the surface is caused by the settlement. Due to deferential movement surface tension cracks occur in the surrounding area. Surface Saturation-type Doline Surface saturation type dolines are usually less than 5m in diameter thus relatively small. The mechanism behind the formation of this type of doline can be summarised as follow: Occurs in situations where compressible dolomitic material underlay an area at relatively shallow depths with the ground water table either within or below the compressible material. Varying depths of the ground water table does not influence the ground surface movement. The materials at the surface are not saturated by the ground water table but due to for instance poor drainage or a leaking pipe services. The water penetrates the surface and continues till it reaches the low density material. The deeper low density materials settle into a denser state since it is saturated. This causes a surface depression due to the increasing load on the near surface materials. When the cause of the drenching is stopped the movement will rapidly decrease in general. The size of the depression is determined by the saturated profile underlying the area. The factors include the thickness, the depth the low density material is present, the configuration, and the extent of the saturation and also the location of the bedrock dolomite. Partly developed sinkholes When the subsurface erosion due to the ingress water is terminated it may also result in settlement of the surface which can appear to be similar to a doline. 5. Solutions and soil improvements when soil is present There are many ways to construct foundations to make it feasible to construct on dolomite. Some of these methods include: 5.1 Piles Piles are constructed out of circular concrete forms that are reinforced and socketed into the hard dolomitic bedrock. The construction of piled foundations into rock is not usually favoured in dolomitic or karst conditions. This is because of the serious installation constraints concerning the presence of the chert bands, rock floaters and also due to the nature of the bedrock that forms pinnacles. Where space is a constraining factor, for instance when there is a need to build close to roads or major services, it is considered to use pile to rock construction. (Gautrain,2009) 5.2 Raft Foundations Unlike piles that sits directly on the bedrock, raft foundations are basically large pad footings that floats in the soil mass. As discussed below the soil mas on which the raft is constructed are usually pre-treated to improve its density and strength by means of ground improvements. Another way is to pile the rafts itself by extending down to a more competent established horizon. There are different raft foundation options available that can be considered namely: Raft that spans between pinnacles with the possibility of concrete fillings between the pinnacles; When the bedrock is less than 15m below the ground and the voids and cavities are grouted to reduce occurrence of sinkholes, soil improvements can be done and the raft placed upon it; Or the raft can be placed on unimproved soil but still with the voids and the cavities grouted to reduce the occurrence of a sinkhole. Methods on how the soil can be improved: The conventional method by making use of mechanical roller compaction. Dynamic compaction can be done by making use of a crane to lift and drop purpose made steal pounders on the soil. Another method is preloading the soil with an additional load by making use of concrete blocks. This additional load almost the same as those that would be imposed by actual viaduct foundations. Usually about 1000 concrete blocks that are specially manufactured for this purpose and that individually weighs 10 tons are used. 5.3 Piled raft foundation The piled raft is a geotechnical composite construction consisting of the three elements piles, raft and soil which is mostly applied for the foundation of tall buildings in an increasing number. The foundation concept of piled rafts differs from traditional foundation design, where the loads are assumed to be carried either by the raft or by the piles, considering the safety factors in each case. The method used in this project was conducted by firstly pre-loading a 20m x 20m area, were the structure will be placed on, by using concrete blocks. Thereafter the substrata within the 20m x 20m column, that was constructed, are improved by grouting. This is done to reduce the existing voids and cavities present that can lead to sinkhole formations. After completing the grouting works, the piles are then installed within these grouted columns. Finally concrete raft also referred to as a pile cap were then casted over the newly constructed pile. (Gautrain,2009) 5.4 Solution used in the project and interesting facts Since the traffic could not be interrupted during the construction over the 14/Jean Avenue and N1/John Vorster Drive interchanges in Centurion innovative methods was used. After all the geological investigations were done and bedrock depth was determined the concrete shafts or piles where constructed. The shaft foundations were approximately 7 m in diameter and on some cases reached depths of 30 m deep. After the pier is finally secured the placement of the viaducts can start. There were made use of a cast-in-place method by constructing the viaducts form both directions. The sections are constructed so that the span of the viaducts will be post tensioned. To conduct this method a sophisticated hydraulically controlled concrete shutter was used. The viaducts were placed at an angle so that the rail segment crosses the intersection diagonally. This asked for innovative engineering as the pears needed to be shaped elliptically to be slender enough to fit in the confined space available but strong enough to support the superstructure of the viaducts. Since the design is that of an arch the mid-spans are shallower that the segments that rests on the piers this gives the viaducts a graceful curve. To ensure that high strength concrete was readily available batching plants were erected at each site. The length of the viaduct over the N14/Jean Avenue is 571.5m longa and has 6 spans of which the longest is 121m long. The length of the viaduct over the N1/John Vorster Drive is 502.75m long with 6 spans of which the longest is 109.8m in length. 6. Two landmarks caused by dolomite The destruction of dolomite is not all bad. It also provides tourist attractions such as the Cradle of human kind and the Sudwala Caves. On December 2 1999 The Cradle of Humankind which consists of several  strips of dolomite limestone caves and the Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs, were declared a World Heritage Site. It contains the fossilised remains of prehistoric forms of animals, plants and most importantly, hominids. This declared area is 47 000 hectares and extends roughly between Oaktree, Hekpoort, Broederstroom and Lanseria in Gauteng. Most of the site is on dolomite which leads to two major consequences- the formation of caves and the formation of fossils. These dolomite caves started out as coral reefs growing in a worm shallow sea about 2.3 billion years ago. Currently there are over 200 caves in total on the site with a possibility for more to be discovered. The Sudwala Caves contain the largest dolomite chamber in the world namely the Owen Hall. The caves have a chamber which is a naturally formed amphitheatre of approximately 37m in height and 70m in diameter. The caves have a floor surface of 14,000 m2 over a distance of about 600m that are open to the public. The tallest stalagmite in the caves is about 11m in length. The water table fluctuated as a result to the changes in the topography and climate. This caused acidic water to seep through the cracks into the dolomite thus slowly but surely dissolved the dolomitic rock. As a result a series of underground chambers eventually formed were the dolomite have bean dissoluted and the rock carried away in solution by the water seeping out, or where it occasionally found an escape route and flowed away. Thus the Sudwala Caves was formed and it is believed that the caves are much larger and that some of the chambers are still to be discovered.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

character plot death of a sales men :: essays research papers

Willy Loman is the main character and protagonist of the play. He has been a traveling salesman, the lowest of positions, for the Wagner Company for thirty-four years. Never very successful in sales, Willy has earned a meager income and owns little. His refrigerator, his car, and his house are all old - used up and falling apart, much like Willy. Willy, however, is unable to face the truth about himself. He kids himself into believing that he is well liked by his customers in the New England territory and by the company, who is sure to give him a promotion or opportunity to make more income. Willy's dream is to become like Dave Singleman, who was very popular with his clients and able to do business by just making phone calls. Because he was so well liked, when Singleman died, customers from all over his region came to his funeral. Willy dares to believe that his funeral will be similar to Singleman's. Ironically, when Willy commits suicide, almost no one attends the funeral, proving the error of his philosophies. Throughout his life, Willy believed that if one was attractive and well liked, everything would be perfect. The doors would automatically open for such a man, and he was sure to be successful. In order to believe that he and his family are successes, Willy lies to himself and lives in a world of illusions. He says of himself that he is well liked in all the towns he visits and by all the customers that he calls on; he also erroneously believes that he is vital to the New England territory and will some day receive a promotion for his hard work. He even lies to himself, and then his boss, about how much he actually earns. Because he wants to prove to himself that he is well liked, Willy has at least one affair, attracting the young woman by offering to purchase her a pair of silk stockings. When Biff discovers his father in the hotel room with the woman, he recognizes Willy for what he is and calls him a liar and a fake. Willy also lives in a world of illusions about his two sons. He is convinced that Happy is a content, successful young man who will soon become a store manager. In truth, Happy is a loser, like his father, who lives in his own world of illusions and contributes to keeping Willy in his fantasies.